Video Amplifier

The video amplifier in the diagram is a well-known design. Simple, yet very useful, were it not for the ease with which the transistors can be damaged if the potentiometers (black level and signal amplitude) are in their extreme position. Fortunately, this can be obviated by the addition of two resistors. If in the diagram R3 and R4 were direct connections, as in the original design, and P1 were fully clockwise and P2 fully anticlockwise, such a large base current would flow through T1 that this transistor would give up the ghost.

Circuit diagram:

Video Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Moreover, with the wiper of P2 at earth level, the base current of T2 would be dangerously high. Resistors R3 and R4 are sufficient protection against such mishaps, since they limit the base currents to a level of not more than 5 mA. Shunt capacitor C4 prevents R4 having an adverse effect on the amplification.

Author: L.A.M. Prins
Copyright: Elektor Electronics

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Simple Universal PIC Programmer

This simple programmer will accept any device that's supported by software (eg, IC-Prog 1.05 by Bonny Gijzen at www.ic-prog.com). The circuit is based in part on the ISP header described in the SILICON CHIP "PIC Testbed" project but also features an external programming voltage supply for laptops and for other situations where the voltage present on the RS232 port is insufficient. This is done using 3-terminal regulators REG1 & REG2. The PIC to be programmed can be mounted on a protoboard. This makes complex socket wiring to support multiple devices unnecessary. 16F84A, 12C509, 16C765 and other devices have all been used successfully with this device.

Circuit diagram:

Simple Universal PIC Programmer Circuit Diagram

Author: Luke Weston

Copyright: Silicon Chip

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18W + 18W Stereo Hi-Fi Audio Amplifier (TDA2030)

2 x 18W Hi-Fi Stereo Power Amplifier based around two TDA2030 ICs. It has good input sensitivity, low distortion, good operating stability and full protection against overloads and output short-circuits. It can be used as a booster amplifier for existing small systems or to drive a second pair of speakers besides the ones already connected to the system. The board needs a symmetrical power supply of ±18Vdc/3A and can be connected to loads of 8 or 4 Ohm. Large heat sink is required for this circuit. Diagram shown below indicates only left channel. Make two circuits for for stereo version.

Picture of the project:

18+18 Watt Hi-Fi Stereo Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Circuit Diagram:

Diagram Shows Only One Channel

Parts:

R1 = 22K
R2 = 680R
R3 = 22K
R4 = 1R-1w
D1 = 1N4001
D2 = 1N4001
C1 = 1uf-25V
C2 = 22uF-25V
C3 = 100nF-63V
C4 = 100nF-63V
C5 = 100uF-25V
C6 = 100uF-25V
C7 = 220nF-63V
IC = TDA2030

If it does not work:

1. Check your work for possible dry joints, bridges across adjacent tracks or soldering flux residues that usually cause problems.
2. Check again all the external connections to and from the circuit to see if there is a mistake there.
3. See that there are no components missing or inserted in the wrong places.
4. Make sure that all the polarized components have been soldered the right way round.
5. Make sure the supply has the correct voltage and is connected the right way round to your circuit.
6. Check your project for faulty or damaged components.

Technical Specifications:

• Supply voltage = ±18Vdc/3A symmetrical (see text)
• Current consumption = 3A maximum
• Input impedance = 500K Ohms
• Input sensitivity = 250 mV
• Signal to noise ratio = 80 dB
• Frequency response = 20 - 20,000 Hz ± 1 dB
• Distortion = 0.5 % maximum
• Load impedance = 4 - 8 ohm

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TV Relative Signal Strength Meter

This circuit was designed to assist the installation of TV antennas. The signal is monitored using a small portable TV set and this circuit monitors the output of the TV's FM detector IC via a shielded lead. To initially calibrate the meter, adjust trimpot VR2 to zero the meter. Trimpot VR1 is a sensitivity control and can be set for a preset reading (ie, 0dB) or can be calibrated in millivolts. Rotating the antenna for a minimum reading on the meter (indicating FM quieting) gives the optimum orientation for the antenna.

Circuit diagram:

TV Relative Signal Strength Meter Circuit Diagram

Author: Ted Sherman
Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

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Junk-box Fan Speed Controller

My new home theatre receiver was getting rather hot in the close confines of its cabinet, with the temperature reaching over 40°C after only about 30 minutes of use. To help lower the temperature, I decided to install a fan in the cabinet. A 75mm hole was cut in the shelf under the receiver, and a 12V fan salvaged from an old computer power supply was mounted underneath. The fan was powered from a 12V DC plugpack. This did the job, keeping the temperature below 30°C even after prolonged use on a warm day. However, the fan was annoyingly loud when running at full speed. To reduce the noise level substantially, I built this fan speed controller with temperature feedback.

The circuit was culled from variety of ideas found on various sites on the internet, with the final circuit designed from what was in the "junk box". Air temperature in the cabinet is sensed via an LM335 (TS1). It is glued to a piece of aluminium about 25mm square with instant glue, which is then attached to the top of the receiver with "Blue-Tack". About 300mm of audio coax makes the connection back to the circuit board. The LM335’s output rises 10mV per degree Centigrade. It is calibrated to zero output at -273°C, so at 20°C, the output will be 2.93V. This is applied to the non-inverting input of a 741 op amp (IC1).

Circuit diagram:

Junk-box Fan Speed Controller Circuit Diagram

A 1N4733 5.1V Zener diode provides a voltage reference for the inverting input via trimpot VR1. The output of the op amp drives a TIP122 Darlington transistor (Q1), which in turn drives the fan motor. The op amp gain was calculated to give about 12V to the fan at 40°C. To keep the transistor cool, it is mounted on the metal base of a small plastic box, which is also used to house the components. Initial setup should be performed with everything turned off and the ambient temperature at about 20°C. Adjust the 10-turn pot until the fan just stops running. I used a gasket made from foam strips and "blue-tacked" them between the feet of the receiver to direct all of the airflow through it. The temperature now remains at about 32°C, the fan runs very quietly and continues to run down for about 30 minutes after the receiver is switched off.

Author: Martin Cook - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

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Motor Turn Stall Detector

In single phase AC induction motors, often used in fridges and washing machines, a start winding is used during the starting phase. When the motor has reached a certain speed, this winding is turned off again. The start winding is slightly out of phase to the run winding. The motor will only start turning when the current through this winding is out of phase to that of the run winding. The phase difference is normally provided by placing a capacitor of several µF in series with the start winding. When the motor reaches a minimum speed, a centrifugal switch turns off the start winding.

The circuit diagram doesn’t show a centrifugal switch; instead it has a triac that is turned on during the staring phase. For clarity, the series capacitor isn’t shown in the diagram. Once the motor turns it will continue to do so as long as it isn’t loaded too much. When it has to drive too heavy a load it will almost certainly stall. A large current starts to flow (as the motor no longer generates a back EMF), which is limited only by the resistance of the winding. This causes the motor to overheat after a certain time and causes permanent damage. It is therefore important to find a way to detect when the motor turns, which happens to be surprisingly easy. When the motor is turning and the start winding is not used, the rotation induces a voltage in this winding.

Circuit diagram:

Motor Turn Stall Detector Circuit Diagrammo

This voltage will be out of phase since the winding is in a different position to the run winding. When the motor stops turning this voltage is no longer affected and will be in phase with the mains voltage. The graph shows some of the relevant waveforms. More information can be found in the application note for the AN2149 made by Motorola, which can be downloaded from their website at www.motorola.com. We think this contains some useful ideas, but keep in mind that the circuit shown is only partially completed. As it stands, it certainly can’t be put straight to use. We should also draw your attention to the fact that mains voltages can be lethal, so take great care when the mains is connected!

Author: Karel Walraven - Copyright: Elektor July-August 2004

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DS1621 PC Thermometer Circuit

Description :
The following circuit is PC thermometer using DS1621. 

  
Feature :
plug in any free PC com port, range of -20 to 125°C, Centigrade (°C) of Farenheit (°F) scale, basic accuracy and resolution 0.5°C, readable data log, sampling rate 1, 5, 30 or 60 seconds, basic accuracy and resolution 0.5°C, no external power supply required, easy to build, no calibration required. Component : 1N418 diode, Capacitor, LM2936Z, regulator, DB9 female, Zener diode, DS1621. 

Source: riccibitti.com

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PWM Circuit Using The 555 Timer

Description : 
The following circuit is a PWM motor control usin 555 timer IC.

Feature : 
3-18V Supply voltage, frequency is 144 Hz, Simple circuitry, good efficiency , stable control. Component : 555 Timer IC, variable resistor, 1N5818 diode, capacitor, resistor, DC motor, IRFZ46N.

Source: dprg.org

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2.5 W Stereo Class D Audio Power Amplifier Using LM4663

Description : 
This circuit is a 2.5 W stereo class D audio power amplifier using LM4663.

Feature : 
Two stereo input selector, Micropower shutdown mode, Stereo headphone amplifier, no heatsink needed, “Click and pop” suppression circuitry, Delta-sigma modulator, high efficiency, single supply. Component : resistor, capacitor, LM4663, speaker, headphone.

Source:national.com

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USB Printer Share Switch Circuit Project

This simple device allows two computers to share a single USB printer or some other USB device, such as an external flash drive, memory card reader or scanner. A rotary switch selects the PC that you wish to use with the USB device, while two LEDs indicate the selected PC.

The most common way to share a USB printer between two PCs is to use one machine as a print server. However, that’s not always convenient because it means that the server PC must always be on if you want to print something.

Picture of the project:

That can be a real nuisance if you just want to quickly fire up the other machine and print something out. It also means that the two PCs must be networked together, either via a hub/router or directly via an ethernet crossover cable.

Another way is to use a dedicated USB print server. However, as before, this must be connected to an ethernet network, along with the PCs. Such devices also need their own power supply, generally cost well over $100 and are overkill if you just want to share a single USB printer between two computers for occasional printing in a home set-up.

Parts layout:

That’s where this simple device comes in. It’s basically a 2-way switch box that lets you manually switch your USB printer from one PC to the other, as required. The switching is performed using a rotary switch, while two LEDs on the front panel indicate which PC has been connected to the printer.

This method has several advantages. First, you don’t need to network your two computers. Second, you can print from either machine with the other turned off. And third, the device doesn’t need a power supply.

Circuit diagram:

The circuit uses switch poles S1a-S1c to select either USB socket CON1 or CON2 and connect its pins through to CON3. The fourth pole (S1d) selects either LED1 or LED2, to indicate which PC has been selected. 

Source: Silicon Chip14 April 2009

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Water Level Alert Circuit Schematic

Beeper or flashing LED alert, 1.5V battery powered portable unit

This circuit will emit an intermittent beep (or will flash a LED) when the water contained into a recipient has reached the desired level. It should be mounted on top of the recipient (e.g. a plastic tank) by means of two crocodile clips, acting also as probes. If a deeper sensing level is needed, the clips can be extended by means of two pieces of stiff wire (see pictures).

Circuit operation:
IC1, a 555 CMos timer chip, is wired as an astable multivibrator whose operating frequency is set by C1, R1 and R2, plus the resistance presented by water across the probes. If the resistance across the probes is zero (i.e. probes shorted), the output frequency will be about 3Hz and the sounder will beep (or the LED will flash) about three times per second. As water usually presents a certain amount of resistance, the actual oscillation frequency will be lower: less than one beep/flash per second. As probes will be increasingly immersed in water, the resistance across them will decrease and the oscillation frequency of IC1 will increase.

This means that a rough aural or visual indication of the level reached by water will be available. If a LED is chosen as the alert, C2, D1 and D2 must be added to the circuit in order to double the output voltage, thus allowing proper LED operation (see the rightmost part of the schematics). Interesting features of this circuit are 1.5V supply and ultra-low current consumption: 40µA in stand-by and 0.5mA in operation. This allows a single AAA alkaline cell to last several years and the saving of the power on/off switch.

Pictures of the project:

Screenshoot - Water Level Alert Circuit Schematic

Circuit diagram:

Water Level Alert Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1 = 1K - 1/4W Resistor
R2 = 100K - 1/4W Resistor (See Notes)
C1 = 2.2uF-50V Electrolytic Capacitor
C2 = 220µF - 25V Electrolytic Capacitor (See Notes)
D1 = 5 or 10mm. Ultra-bright red LED (See Notes)
D2 = 1N5819 - 40V 1A Schottky-barrier Diode (See Notes)
IC = 7555 or TS555CN CMos Timer IC
BZ = Piezo sounder (incorporating 3KHz oscillator)
B1 = 1.5V Battery (AAA or AA cell etc.)
Two small crocodile clips
Two pieces of stiff wire of suitable length
Battery socket, etc.

Notes:

• If a LED alert is needed instead of the beeper, R2 value must be changed to 10K, the Piezo sounder can be omitted and D1, D2 and C2 must be added, as shown in the rightmost part of the schematics.
• A common red LED can be used for D1, but ultra-bright types are preferred.
• Any Schottky-barrier type diode can be used in place of the 1N5819, e.g. the BAT46, rated @ 100V 150mA.
• Wipe the probes regularly to avoid excessive resistance variations due to partial oxidization.

Source: Extreme Circuits

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LED Lighting For Dual-Filament Lamps

Before we describe how it's done, note that we recommend that the result be checked as having sufficient brightness for a stop & tail-light application. That's because the light output may be inadequate, depending on the tail-light lens and reflector assembly - so use any modified lamps with discretion! As shown, an additional diode (D1) and resistor (68W) provide power from the "tail" circuit. Alternatively, when the "stop" circuit is powered, the resistor is bypassed by D2, thus increasing the LED current and the light output.

Circuit diagram:

Modifications to the lamp assembly instructions are as follows:

1. After soldering in the copper tube but before soldering the platform board to the bayonet lamp base, the three components inside the dotted box must be wired up inside the base.
2. The anode leads of the diodes can be soldered directly into the contacts ("bumps") on the base (a fine file or glass paper may be needed to get a nice round shape). Everything must be insulated (use heatshrink tubing).

The red wire from the Multidisc board is then soldered to the junction of D2 and the resistor. The black wire is soldered directly the metal casing of the lamp. We suggest testing the lamp before soldering the platform board in place. It may be necessary to vary the value of the additional resistor to get the correct intensity change between stop & tail modes.

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Using AC for LED Christmas Lights

This circuit uses low-voltage AC to drive a string of 50 or so bi-color LEDs (two LEDs connected in inverse parallel). Power to the LEDs is controlled by the Triac and the two optocouplers which have their photo-transistors effectively connected in inverse-parallel. Depending on which optocoupler is turned on, the Triac applies positive, negative or both half-cycles to the LEDs and so the colours can be red, green or in-between. Switch S1 is used to select the pulses from two oscillators which are formed by the NAND gates in IC1 (4011B). This provides a variety of LED flash patterns, depending on the setting of S1.

Circuit diagram:

Author: Matthew Peterson - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

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Loudspeaker Protector Monitors Current

This circuit uses a 0.1O 1W resistor connected in series with the output of a power amplifier. When the amplifier is delivering 100W into an 8O load, the resistor will be dissipating 1.25W. The resulting temperature rise is sensed by a thermistor which is thermally bonded to the resistor. The thermistor is connected in series with a resistor string which is monitored by the non-inverting (+) inputs of four comparators in an LM339 quad comparator. All of the comparator inverting inputs are connected to an adjustable threshold voltage provided by trimpot VR1. As the thermistor heats up, its resistance increases, raising the voltage along the resistor ladder.

Circuit diagram:

Loudspeaker Protector Circuit Diagram

When the voltage on the non-inverting input of each comparator exceeds the voltage at its inverting input, the output switches high and illuminates the relevant LED. NOR gate latches are connected to the outputs of the third and fourth comparators. When the third comparator switches high, the first latch is set, turning on Q1 and relay 1. This switches in an attenuation network (resistors RA & RB) to reduce the power level. However, if the power level is still excessive, comparator 4 will switch, setting its latch and turning on Q2 and relay 2.

This disconnects the loudspeaker load. The thermistor then needs to cool down before normal operation will be restored. The values of R1-R4 depend on the thermistor used. For example, if a thermistor with a resistance of 1.5kO at 25°C is used, then R1 could be around 1.5kO and R2, R3 and R4 would each be 100O (depending the temperature coefficient of the thermistor). The setup procedure involves connecting a sinewave oscillator to the input of the power amplifier and using a dummy load for the output. Set the power level desired and adjust trimpot VR1 to light LED1. Then increase the power to check that the other LEDs light at satisfactory levels.

Author: David Devers - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

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Electronic Torricelli Barometer

Although it does not have the same charm as real mercury barometers with long glass tubes on pieces of carved and polished wood, the Torricelli barometer discussed here is a functional equivalent and electronic replica of the Torricelli barometer. Actually, rather than displaying the atmospheric pressure on the traditional digital displays, we preferred to reproduce the general look of this respected predecessor of electronic barometers.

The mercury tube is, of course, replaced by a simple LED scale which, if not as beautiful, is still less toxic for the environment in case of breakage. As indicated on the drawing, the pressure sensor utilized is a Motorola MPX2200AP. This circuit is adapted for measuring absolute pressure and has a range well suited for atmospheric pressure. Without entering too deep into the technical details, such sensors deliver an output of voltage proportional not only to the measured pressure but, unfortunately, to their supply voltage as well.

Hence they must be powered from a stable voltage which is ensured here by the use of IC1. Since the output of the MPX2200 is differential and at a very low level, we had to resort to the use of four operational amplifiers IC4.A to IC4.D, contained in one LM324, to obtain levels that can be processed easily. As long as potentiometer P1 is adjusted correctly, this group of operational amplifiers delivers a voltage of 1 volt per atmospheric pressure of 1,000 hPa to the LM3914.

Circuit diagram:

Electronic Torricelli Barometer Circuit Diagram

Since the atmospheric pressure will be within the range 950 to 1040 hPa at sea level, we need to make an expanded-scale voltmeter with this LM3914 in order to better exploit the 10 LEDs that it can control. That is the role of resistors R7 and R8 which artificially raise the minimum voltage value the chip is capable of measuring. Consequently, we can ‘calibrate’ our LED scale with one LED per 10 hPa and thus benefit from a measurement range which extends from 950 hPa to 1040 hPa. In principle, you should not have a need to go beyond that in either direction.

The circuit may be conveniently powered from a 9-volt battery but only if used very occasionally. Since this is usually not the case for a barometer, we advise you to use a mains adaptor instead supplying approximately 9 volts. Calibration basically entails adjusting the potentiometer P1 to light the LED corresponding to the atmospheric pressure of your location at the time. Compare with an existing barometer or, even better, telephone the closest weather station. They will be happy to give you the information. After Evangelista Torricelli, 1608-1647, Italian physician who proved the existence of atmospheric pressure and invented the mercury barometer.

Author: Christian Tavernier - Copyright: Elektor Electronics Magazine

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Video Isolator Circuit Diagram

These days many more audio-visual devices in the home are connected together. This is especially the case with the TV, which may be connected to a DVD player, a hard disk recorder, a surround-sound receiver and often a PC as well. This often creates a problem when earth loops are created in the shielding of the video cables, which may cause hum and other interference. The surround-sound receiver contains a tuner that takes its signal from a central aerial distribution system.

The TV is also connected to this and it’s highly likely that the PC has a TV-card, which again is connected to the same system. On top of this, there are many analogue connections between these devices, such as audio cables. The usual result of this is that there will be a hum in the audio installation, but in some cases you may also see interference on the TV screen.
The ground loop problem can be overcome by galvanically isolating the video connections, for example at the aerial inputs of the surround-sound receiver and the TV.

Special adaptors or filters are sold for this purpose, known as video ground loop isolators. Good news: such a filter can also be easily made at home by yourself. There are two ways in which you can create galvanic isolation in a TV cable. The first is to use an isolating transformer with two separate windings. The other is to use two coupling capacitors in series with the cable. The latter method is easily the simplest to implement and generally works well enough in practice. The simplest way to produce such a ‘filter’ is as an in-line adapter, so you can just plug it onto either end of a TV aerial cable.

Diagram and snapshoot:

Video Isolator Circuit

The only requirements are a male and female coax plug and two capacitors. The latter have to be suitable for high-frequency applications, such as ceramic or MKT types. It is furthermore advisable to choose types rated for high voltages (400 V), since the voltages across these capacitors can be higher than you might expect (A PC that isn’t connected to the mains Earth can have a voltage as high as 115 V (but at a very low, safe current), caused by the filter capacitors in its power supply.

These capacitors don’t need to be high value ones, since they only have to pass through frequencies above about 50 MHz. Values of 1 nF or 2.2 nF are therefore sufficient. To make the isolator you should connect one capacitor between the two earth connections of the coax plugs and the other between the two signal connections. The mechanical construction has to be sturdy enough such that the connections to the capacitors won’t break whenever the inline adapter is removed forcibly.

A good way to do this is to make a cover from a piece of PVC piping for the central part. Wrap aluminium foil round the outside and connect it to one of the plugs, so that the internal parts are properly shielded from external interference. Make sure that the aluminium foil doesn’t make contact with the other plug, otherwise you lose the isolation. The majority of earth loops will disappear when you connect these filters to all used outputs of the central aerial distribution system where the signal enters the house.
Harry Baggen

Elektor Electronics 2008

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Save Your Ears - A Noise Meter Circuit

‘Hello… HELLO! Are you deaf? Do you have disco ears?’ If people ask you this and you’re still well below 80 , you may be suffering from hearing loss, which can come from (prolonged) listening to very loud music. You won’t notice how bad it is until it’s too late, and after that you won’t be able to hear your favorite music the way it really is – so an expensive sound system is no longer a sound investment. To avoid all this, use the i-trixx sound meter to save your ears (and your neighbor's ears!).

With just a handful of components, you can build a simple but effective sound level meter for your sound system. This sort of circuit is also called a VU meter. The abbreviation ‘VU’ stands for ‘volume unit’, which is used to express the average value of a music signal over a short time. The VU meter described here is what is called a ‘passive’ type. This means it does not need a separate power supply, since the power is provided by the input signal. This makes it easy to use: just connect it to the loudspeaker terminals (the polarity doesn’t matter) and you’re all set.

The more LEDs that light up while the music is playing, the more you should be asking yourself how well you are treating your ears (and your neighbours’ ears). Of course, this isn’t an accurately calibrated meter. The circuit design is too simple (and too inexpensive) for that. However, you can have a non-disco type (or your neighbors) tell you when the music is really too loud, and the maximum number of LED lit up at that time can serve you as a good reference for the maximum tolerable sound level.

Although this is a passive VU meter, it contains active components in the form of two transistors and six FETs. Seven LEDs light up in steps to show how much power is being pumped into the loudspeaker. The steps correspond to the power levels shown in the schematic for a sine-wave signal into an 8-ohm load. LED D1 lights up fi rst at low loudspeaker voltages. As the music power increases, the following LEDs (D2, D3, and so on) light up as well. The LEDs thus dance to the rhythm of the music (especially the bass notes).

Circuit diagram:

Noise Meter Circuit Diagram

This circuit can easily be assembled on a small piece of prototyping board. Use low-current types for the LEDs. They have a low forward voltage and are fairly bright at current levels as low as 1 mA. Connect the VU meter to the loudspeaker you want to monitor. If LED D2 never lights up (it remains dark even when LED D3 lights up), reverse the polarity of diode D8 (we have more to say about this later on). In addition, bear in mind that the sound from the speaker will have to be fairly loud before the LEDs will start lighting up.

If you want to know more about the technical details this VU meter, keep on reading. Each LED is driven by its own current source so it will not be overloaded with too much current when the input voltage increases. The current sources also ensure that the final amplifier is not loaded any more than necessary. The current sources for LEDs D1–D6 are formed by FET circuits. A FET can be made to supply a fixed current by simply connecting a resistor to the source lead (resistors R1–R6 in this case). With a resistance of 1 kΩ, the current is theoretically limited to 1 mA. However, in practice FETs have a especially broad tolerance range. The actual current level with our prototype ranged from 0.65 mA to 0.98 mA.

To ensure that each LED only lights up starting at a defined voltage, a Zener diode (D8–D13) is connected in series with each LED starting with D2. The Zener voltage must be approximately 3 V less than the voltage necessary for the indicated power level. The 3-V offset is a consequence of the voltage losses resulting from the LED, the FET, the rectifier, and the over voltage protection. The over voltage protection is combined with the current source for LED D7. One problem with using FETs as current sources is that the maximum rated drain–source voltage of the types used here is only 30 V.

If you want to use the circuit with an especially powerful fi nal amplifier, a maximum input level of slightly more than 30 V is much too low. We thus decided to double the limit. This job is handled by T7 and T8. If the amplitude of the applied signal is less than 30 V, T8 buffers the rectified voltage on C1. This means that when only the first LED is lit, the additional voltage drop of the over voltage protection circuit is primarily determined by the base–emitter voltage of T8. The maximum worst-case voltage drop across R8 is 0.7 V when all the LEDs are on, but it has increasingly less effect as the input voltage rises.

R8 is necessary so the base voltage can be regulated. R7 is fitted in series with LED D7 and Zener diode D13, and the voltage drop across R7 is used to cause transistor T7 to conduct. This voltage may be around 0.3 V at very low current levels, but with a current of a few mili-amperes it can be assumed to be 0.6 V. Transistor T7 starts conducting if the input voltage rises above the threshold voltage of D7 and D13, and this reduces the voltage on the base of T8. This negative feedback stabilizes the supply voltage for the LEDs at a level of around 30 V. With a value of 390 Ω for R7, the current through LED D7 will be slightly more than 1 mA.

This has been done intentionally so D7 will be a bit brighter than the other LEDs when the signal level is above 30 V. When the voltage is higher than 30 V, the circuit draws additional current due to the voltage drop across R8. The AC voltage on the loudspeaker terminals is half-wave rectifi ed by diode D14. This standard diode can handle 1 A at 400 V. The peak current level can be considerably higher, but don’t forget that the current still has to be provided by the fi nal amplifier.

Resistor R9 is included in series with the input to keep the additional load on the fi nal amplifi er within safe bounds and limit the interference or distortion that may result from this load. The peak current can never exceed 1.5 A (the charging current of C1), even when the circuit is connected directly to an AC voltage with an amplitude of 60 V. C1 also determines how long the LEDs stay lit. This brings us to an important aspect of the circuit, which you may wish to experiment with in combination with the current through the LEDs.

An important consideration in the circuit design is to keep the load on the fi nal amplifi er to a minimum. However, the combination of R9 and C1 causes an averaging of the complex music signal. The peak signal levels in the music are higher (or even much higher) than the average value. Tests made under actual conditions show that the applied peak power can easily be a factor of 2 to 4 greater than what is indicated by this VU meter. This amounts to 240 W or more with an 8-Ω loudspeaker.

You can reduce the value of C1 to make the circuit respond more quickly (and thus more accurately) to peak signal levels. Now a few comments on D8. You may receive a stabistor (for example, from the Philips BZV86 series or the like) for D8. Unlike a Zener diode, a stabistor must be connected in the forward-biased direction. A stabistor actually consists of a set of PN junctions in series (or ordinary forward-biased diodes). Check this carefully: if D2 does not light up when D8 is fi tted as a normal Zener diode, then D8 quite likely a stabistor, so you should fi t it the other way round.
Source: Elektor Electronics 12-2006

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ESR & Low Resistance Test Meter

As electrolytic capacitors age, their internal resistance, also known as "equivalent series resistance" (ESR), gradually increases. This can eventually lead to equipment failure. Using this design, you can measure the ESR of suspect capacitors as well as other small resistances. Basically, the circuit generates a low-voltage 100kHz test signal, which is applied to the capacitor via a pair of probes. An op amp then amplifies the voltage dropped across the capacitor’s series resistance and this can be displayed on a standard multimeter. In more detail, inverter IC1d is configured as a 200kHz oscillator.

Its output drives a 4027 J-K flipflop, which divides the oscillator signal in half to ensure an equal mark/space ratio. Two elements of a 4066 quad bilateral switch (IC3c & IC3d) are alternately switched on by the complementary outputs of the J-K flipflop. One switch input (pin 11) is connected to +5V, whereas the other (pin 8) is connected to -5V. The outputs (pins 9 & 10) of these two switches are connected together, with the result being a ±5V 100kHz square wave. Series resistance is included to current-limit the signal before it is applied to the capacitor under test via a pair of test probes. Diodes D1 and D2 limit the signal swing and protect the 4066 outputs in case the capacitor is charged.

Circuit diagram:

ESR & Low Resistance Test Meter Circuit Diagram

A second pair of leads sense the signal developed across the probe tips. Once again, the signal is limited by diodes (D3 & D4) before begin applied to the remaining two inputs of the 4066 switch (pins 2 & 3 of IC3a & IC3b). These switches direct alternate half cycles to two 1μF capacitors, removing most of the AC component of the signal and providing a simple "sample and hold" mechanism. The 1μF capacitors charge to a DC level that is proportional to the test capacitor’s ESR. This is differentially amplified by op amp IC4 so that it can be displayed on a digital multimeter – 10Ω will be represented by 100mV, 1Ω by 10mV, etc. To calibrate the circuit, first adjust VR1 to obtain 100kHz at TP3.

Next, momentarily short the test probes together and adjust VR4 for 0mV at pin 6 of IC4. That done, set your meter to read milliamps and connect it between TP4 and the negative (-) DMM output. Apply -5V to TP2 and note the current flow, which should be around 2.1mA. Transfer the -5V from TP2 to TP1 and adjust VR2 until the same current (ignore sign) is obtained. Remove the -5V from TP1. Again, set to your meter to read volts and connect it to the DMM outputs. Apply the probes to a 10W resistor and adjust VR3 for a reading of 100mV. Finally, ensure that all capacitors to be tested are always fully discharged before connecting the probes.

Author: Len Cox - Copyright: Silicon Chip Electronics

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Pulse Frequency Modulator

The pulse width of the compact pulse cum frequency modulator can be varied by altering the change-over point of comparator IC1 with a control voltage via resistor R1. The hysteresis of the IC is determined by resistors R3 and R4. The control voltage also causes the frequency of the present circuit to be altered. When the input voltage is 0 V, the frequency is a maximum: in the present design this is about 3.8 kHz. The level of the output voltage is ±12–13 V. The more the change-over point has been shifted with the control voltage, the longer it will take before the potential across capacitor C1 has reached the level at which IC1 is enabled.

Pulse Frequency Modulator Circuit Diagram

When the control voltage is larger than the zener voltage, the oscillator ceases to work. The maximum period is 25 ms, which may be adapted by altering the value of C1. This will, of course, also alter the maximum frequency. The duty cycle is inversely proportional to the control voltage. The minimum pulse width attainable at the lowest frequency is about 6 µs. The modulator draws a current not exceeding 5 mA.

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Digital Remote Thermometer

Remote sensor sends data via mains supply, Temperature range: 00.0 to 99.9 °C

This circuit is intended for precision centigrade temperature measurement, with a transmitter section converting to frequency the sensor's output voltage, which is proportional to the measured temperature. The output frequency bursts are conveyed into the mains supply cables. The receiver section counts the bursts coming from mains supply and shows the counting on three 7-segment LED displays. The least significant digit displays tenths of degree and then a 00.0 to 99.9 °C range is obtained. Transmitter-receiver distance can reach hundred meters, provided both units are connected to the mains supply within the control of the same light-meter.

Transmitter circuit operation:

IC1 is a precision centigrade temperature sensor with a linear output of 10mV/°C driving IC2, a voltage-frequency converter. At its output pin (3), an input of 10mV is converted to 100Hz frequency pulses. Thus, for example, a temperature of 20°C is converted by IC1 to 200mV and then by IC2 to 2KHz. Q1 is the driver of the power output transistor Q2, coupled to the mains supply by L1 and C7, C8.

Circuit diagram:

Transmitter Circuit Diagram

Transmitter parts:

R1 = 100K 1/4W Resistors
R2 = 47R 1/4W Resistor
R3 = 100K 1/4W Resistors
R4 = 5K 1/2W Trimmer Cermet
R5 = 12K 1/4W Resistor
R6 = 10K 1/4W Resistor
R7 = 6K8 1/4W Resistor
R8 = 1K 1/4W Resistors
R9 = 1K 1/4W Resistors

C1 = 220nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C2 = 10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C3 = 1µF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C4 = 1nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C5 = 2n2 63V Polyester Capacitor
C6 = 1nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C7 = 47nF 400V Polyester Capacitors
C8 = 47nF 400V Polyester Capacitors
C9 = 1000µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor

D1 = 1N4148 75V 150mA Diode
D2 = 1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D3 = 1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D4 = 5mm. Red LED

IC1 = LM35 Linear temperature sensor IC
IC2 = LM331 Voltage-frequency converter IC
IC3 = 78L06 6V 100mA Voltage regulator IC

Q1 = BC238 25V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q2 = BD139 80V 1.5A NPN Transistor
T1 = 220V Primary, 12+12V Secondary 3VA Mains transformer
PL = Male Mains plug & cable
L1 = Primary (Connected to Q2 Collector): 100 turns
Secondary: 10 turns
Wire diameter: O.2mm. enameled
Plastic former with ferrite core. Outer diameter: 4mm.

Receiver circuit operation:

The frequency pulses coming from mains supply and safely insulated by C1, C2 & L1 are amplified by Q1; diodes D1 and D2 limiting peaks at its input. Pulses are filtered by C5, squared by IC1B, divided by 10 in IC2B and sent for the final count to the clock input of IC5. IC4 is the time-base generator: it provides reset pulses for IC1B and IC5 and enables latches and gate-time of IC5 at 1Hz frequency. It is driven by a 5Hz square wave obtained from 50Hz mains frequency picked-up from T1 secondary, squared by IC1C and divided by 10 in IC2A. IC5 drives the displays' cathodes via Q2, Q3 & Q4 at a multiplexing rate frequency fixed by C7. It drives also the 3 displays' paralleled anodes via the BCD-to-7 segment decoder IC6. Summing up, input pulses from mains supply at, say, 2KHz frequency, are divided by 10 and displayed as 20.0°C.

Circuit diagram:

Receiver Circuit Diagram

Receiver Parts:

R1 = 100K 1/4W Resistor
R2 = 1K 1/4W Resistor
R3 = 12K 1/4W Resistors
R4 = 12K 1/4W Resistors
R5 = 47K 1/4W Resistor
R6 = 12K 1/4W Resistors
R8 = 12K 1/4W Resistors
R9-R15=470R 1/4W Resistors
R16 = 680R 1/4W Resistor

C1 = 47nF 400V Polyester Capacitors
C2 = 47nF 400V Polyester Capacitors
C3 = 1nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C4 = 10nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C7 = 1nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C5 = 220nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C6 = 220nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C8 = 1000µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
C9 = 100pF 63V Ceramic Capacitor
C10 = 220nF 63V Polyester Capacitors

D1 = 1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D2 = 1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D3 = 1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D4 = 1N4002 100V 1A Diodes
D5 = 1N4148 75V 150mA Diodes
D6 = Common-cathode 7-segment LED mini-displays
D7 = Common-cathode 7-segment LED mini-displays
D8 = Common-cathode 7-segment LED mini-displays

IC1 = 4093 Quad 2 input Schmitt NAND Gate IC
IC2 = 4518 Dual BCD Up-Counter IC
IC3 = 78L12 12V 100mA Voltage regulator IC
IC4 = 4017 Decade Counter with 10 decoded outputs IC
IC5 = 4553 Three-digit BCD Counter IC
IC6 = 4511 BCD-to-7-Segment Latch/Decoder/Driver IC

Q1 = BC239C 25V 100mA NPN Transistor
Q2 = BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors
Q3 = BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors
Q4 = BC327 45V 800mA PNP Transistors

PL = Male Mains plug & cable
T1 = 220V Primary, 12+12V Secondary 3VA Mains transformer
L1 = Primary (Connected to C1 & C2): 10 turns
Secondary: 100 turns
Wire diameter: O.2mm. enameled
Plastic former with ferrite core. Outer diameter: 4mm.

Notes:

• D6 is the Most Significant Digit and D8 is the Least Significant Digit.
• R16 is connected to the Dot anode of D7 to illuminate permanently the decimal point.
• Set the ferrite cores of both inductors for maximum output (best measured with an oscilloscope, but not critical).
• Set trimmer R4 in the transmitter to obtain a frequency of 5KHz at pin 3 of IC2 with an input of 0.5Vcc at pin 7 (a digital frequency meter is required).
• More simple setup: place a thermometer close to IC1 sensor, then set R4 to obtain the same reading of the thermometer in the receiver's display.
• Keep the sensor (IC1) well away from heating sources (e.g. Mains Transformer T1).
• Linearity is very good.
• Warning! Both circuits are connected to 230Vac mains, then some parts in the circuit boards are subjected to lethal potential! Avoid touching the circuits when plugged and enclose them in plastic boxes.

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Flashing Eyes

Two-LED-eyes follow the rhythm of music or speech, 3V Battery-operated device suitable for pins or badges

This circuit was purposely designed as a funny Halloween gadget. It should be placed to the rear of a badge or pin bearing a typical Halloween character image, e.g. a pumpkin, skull, black cat, witch, ghost etc. Two LEDs are fixed in place of the eyes of the character and will shine more or less brightly following the rhythm of the music or speech picked-up from surroundings by a small microphone. Two transistors provide the necessary amplification and drive the LEDs.
Circuit Diagram:

Parts:
R1 = 10K
R2 = 1M
R3 = 1K
C1 = 4.7uF-25V
C2 = 47uF-25V
D1 = 2mm LED
D2 = 2mm LED
Q1 = BC547
Q2 = BC557
B1 = 3V Battery
SW1 = SPST Switch
MIC1 = Electret Mic

Notes:

• Any general purpose, small signal transistor can be used for Q1 and Q2, but please note that R3 could require adjustment, depending on the gain of Q1. For medium gain transistors, the suggested value should do the job. High gain transistors will require a lower value for R3, i.e. about 390 - 470 Ohm. You can substitute R3 with a 1K Trimmer in order to set precisely the threshold of the circuit.
• Any LED type and color can be used, but small, 2mm diameter, high efficiency LEDs will produce a better effect.
• No limiting resistors are required for D1 and D2 even if this could seem incorrect.
• Stand-by current consumption of the circuit is about 1.5mA.
• Depending on dimensions of your badge, you can choose from a wide variety of battery types:
• 2 x 1.5 V batteries type: AA, AAA, AAAA, button clock-type, photo-camera type & others.
• 2 x 1.4 V mercury batteries, button clock-type.

Source : www.redcircuits.com

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Compact DJ Station

This project consists of a small, portable DJ mixer powered by a 9V dc external supply adaptor or from a 9V PP3 battery. The mixer features two stereo phono inputs and two stereo line-level inputs and has one stereo mixing channel. A microphone input and a stereo main output with adjustable gain are also provided. Headphone monitoring includes a cue switch for selecting Channel 1, Channel 2 or Master Channel. For easy understanding, the circuit is divided into five blocks, as follows:

General Circuit diagram:all passive circuitry (controls, faders, switches, input and output connectors) is shown in full, whereas active amplification modules are represented by suitably labeled triangle symbols.
Phono Amplifier Module: a high gain stereo amplifier suitable for moving magnet pick-up cartridges, having a frequency response according to RIAA equalization curve and based on the low noise, low distortion LS4558 dual IC. Two identical stereo modules of this type are required.
Microphone Amplifier Module: a single transistor, low noise, high gain microphone amplifier, suitable for low impedance microphones.
Mixer Module: a stereo circuit incorporating two virtual-earth mixers based on the dual BIFET TL062 Op-Amp.
Headphone Amplifier Module: this circuit was already present on this website under Portable 9V Headphone Amplifier. It features a low current drain stereo amplifier based on the low distortion, low noise 5532 dual IC, capable of delivering 3.6V peak-to-peak into 32 Ohm load at 9V supply (corresponding to 50mW RMS) with less than 0.025% total harmonic distortion (1kHz & 10kHz).

General Circuit Diagram:

DJ Station General Circuit diagram

Parts:

P1,P2,P4,P5____22K Dual gang Log Potentiometers
P3_____________22K Dual gang Linear Potentiometer
P6_____________22K Log Potentiometer
R1 to R10______30K 1/4W 1% or 2% tolerance Resistors
R11_____________1K 1/4W Resistor
C1___________2200µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
D1_____________3mm. or 6mm. red LED
J1 to J10______RCA audio input sockets
J11____________6mm. or 3.5mm. Stereo Jack socket
J12____________6mm. or 3.5mm. Mono Jack socket
J13____________Mini DC Power Socket
SW1,SW2________DPDT toggle or slide Switches
SW3____________2 poles 3 ways Rotary Switch
SW4____________SPST toggle or slide Switch

Circuit description:

The input source can be selected by means of SW1 for Channel 1 and SW2 for Channel 2. Moving magnet pick-ups must be connected to Phono 1 and 2 inputs, whereas CD players, iPods, Tape recorders, PC Audio outputs and the like can be connected to Line 1 and 2 inputs. After a separate Level control for each channel (P1 and P2), the two incoming audio signals are mixed and cross-faded by means of P3 and associated resistors network. The Crossfader control mixes both Channels at the same intensity when set in the middle position. When the cursor of P3 is fully rotated towards R3-R4, only Channel 1 signal is present at the Main output, whereas Channel 2 is muted.

Conversely, Channel 2 signal is present at the Main output and Channel 1 is muted when the cursor of P3 is fully rotated towards R1-R2. This network is followed by the Mixer Amplifier, the Master Level P4 and the Main output sockets. A low impedance microphone can be connected to the Mic input. P6 controls the signal level after amplification by the Microphone Amplifier module and feeds the Left and Right Mixer Amplifiers through R9-R10. In this way, the speaker's voice will be reproduced at the center of the soundstage.

A stereo Headphone Amplifier with cue gain control is provided for monitoring purposes. The Cue Select switch SW3 will allow Headphone reproduction of Channel 1, Channel 2 or Master Channel, independently of the signal present at the Main Output. J13 is a Mini DC Power Socket into which the suitable plug of a 9V dc external supply adaptor should be inserted. In any case, due to the low total current drain (about 13mA average), a 9V battery can be used satisfactorily to power the entire Station.

Magnetic Pick-up Amplifier Module

Magnetic Pick-up Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1,R10__________2K2 1/4W Resistors
R2,R3,R11,R12_100K 1/4W Resistors
R4,R13__________1K 1/4W Resistors
R5,R6,R14,R15__18K 1/4W Resistors
R7,R16________390K 1/4W Resistors
R8____________220R 1/4W Resistor
R9,R17_________10K 1/4W Resistors
C1,C5,C6,C10___22µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C2,C7__________47µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C3,C8___________2n2 63V Polyester or Polystyrene low tolerance Capacitors
C4,C9__________10nF 63V Polyester or Polystyrene low tolerance Capacitors
C11___________100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
IC1__________LS4558 Dual High Performance Op-Amp

Circuit description:

A straightforward series-feedback amplifier circuit with RIAA frequency compensation, based on the High Performance LS4558 Op-Amp was used for this stage.
Despite the low supply voltage operation, the performance of this Circuit Module is quite good.

Note:

• Two identical stereo modules of this type are required.
• A more strict RIAA equalization curve will be obtained if low tolerance components are used for R5, R6, R7, R14, R15, R16 (1% - 2%) and C3, C4, C8, C9 (2% - 5%).

Microphone Amplifier Module

Microphone Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1______________1M2 1/4W Resistor
R2______________5K6 1/4W Resistor
R3______________1K 1/4W Resistor
C1,C3___________4µ7 63V Electrolytic Capacitors
C2____________100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
Q1____________BC550C 45V 100mA Low noise High gain NPN

Circuit description:

This circuit module, based on a very simple, single transistor amplifier, features a low noise, 45dB stage gain. Input impedance: 2700 Ohm.

Mixer Module

Mixer Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1,R2,_________68K 1/4W Resistors
R3,R4_________120K 1/4W Resistors
C1,C2,C4,C6,C8__4µ7 63V Electrolytic Capacitors
C3,C7__________10pF 63V Ceramic Capacitors
C5____________100µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitor
IC1___________TL062 Low current BIFET Dual Op-Amp

Circuit description:

Straightforward virtual-earth mixer-amplifier stage based on the very low current drawing BIFET TL062 Op-Amp.

Headphone Amplifier Module:

Headphone Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Parts:

R1,R5___________18K 1/4W Resistors
R2,R3,R4,R6_____68K 1/4W Resistors
C1,C2,C6_________4µ7 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
C3,C7___________22pF 50V Ceramic Capacitors
C4,C5,C8_______220µF 25V Electrolytic Capacitors
IC1___________NE5532 Low noise Dual Op-amp

Circuit description:

For a complete description of this stage see: Portable 9V Headphone Amplifier.

Technical data:

Sensitivity:
Microphone Input: 3.5mV RMS
Phono Input: 8mV RMS
Line Input: 500mV RMS

Maximum undistorted output:
Main output: 2.5V RMS
Headphones: 1.27V RMS into 32 Ohm load

Frequency response:
Microphone and Line: flat from 20Hz to 20KHz
Phono: according to RIAA curve ±1dB
Headphones: flat from 40Hz to 20KHz; -2.3dB @ 20Hz

Total harmonic distortion @ 1KHz and 1V RMS output:
Line: 0.013%
Phono: 0.016%
Headphones: 0.025%

Total current drawing @ 9V supply:
Standing current: 10mA
Mean current drawing: 13mA

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Mains Manager

Very often we forget to switch off the peripherals like monitor, scanner, and printer while switching off our PC. The problem is that there are separate power switches to turn the peripherals off. Normally, the peripherals are connected to a single of those four-way trailing sockets that are plugged into a single wall socket. If that socket is accessible, all the devices could be switched off from there and none of the equipment used will require any modification. Here is a mains manager circuit that allows you to turn all the equipment on or off by just operating the switch on any one of the devices; for example, when you switch off your PC, the monitor as well as other equipment will get powered down automatically.

You may choose the main equipment to control other gadgets. The main equipment is to be directly plugged into the master socket, while all other equipment are to be connected via the slave socket. The mains supply from the wall socket is to be connected to the input of the mains manager circuit. The unit operates by sensing the current drawn by the control equipment/load from the master socket. On sensing that the control equipment is on, it powers up the other (slave) sockets. The load on the master socket can be anywhere between 20 VA and 500 VA, while the load on the slave sockets can be 60 VA to 1200 VA. During the positive half cycle of the mains AC supply, diodes D4, D5, and D6 have a voltage drop of about 1.8 volts when current is drawn from the master socket.

Diode D7 carries the current during negative half cycles. Capacitor C3, in series with diode D3, is connected across the diode combination of D4 through D6, in addition to diode D7 as well as resistor R10. Thus current pulses during positive half-cycles, charge up the capacitor to 1.8 volts via diode D3. This voltage is sufficient to hold transistor T2 in forward biased condition for about 200 ms even after the controlling load on the master socket is switched off. When transistor T2 is ‘on’, transistor T1 gets forward biased and is switched on. This, in turn, triggers Triac 1, which then powers the slave loads. Capacitor C4 and resistor R9 form a snubber network to ensure that the triac turns off cleanly with an inductive load.

Circuit diagram:

Mains Manager Circuit Diagram

LED1 indicates that the unit is operating. Capacitor C1 and zener ZD1 are effectively in series across the mains. The resulting 15V pulses across ZD1 are rectified by diode D2 and smoothened by capacitor C2 to provide the necessary DC supply for the circuit around transistors T1 and T2. Resistor R3 is used to limit the switching-on surge current, while resistor R1 serves as a bleeder for rapidly discharging capacitor C1 when the unit is unplugged. LED1 glows whenever the unit is plugged into the mains. Diode D1, in anti-parallel to LED1, carries the current during the opposite half cycles. Don’t plug anything into the master or slave sockets without testing the unit.

If possible, plug the unit into the mains via an earth leakage circuit breaker. The mains LED1 should glow and the slave LED2 should remain off. Now connect a table lamp to the master socket and switch it ‘on’. The lamp should operate as usual. The slave LED should turn ‘on’ whenever the lamp plugged into slave socket is switched on. Both lamps should be at full brightness without any flicker. If so, the unit is working correctly and can be put into use.

Note:

1. The device connected to the master socket must have its power switch on the primary side of the internal transformer. Some electronic equipment have the power switch on the secondary side and hence these devices continue to draw a small current from the mains even when switched off. Thus such devices, if connected as the master, will not control the slave units correctly.
2. Though this unit removes the power from the equipment being controlled, it doesn’t provide isolation from the mains. So, before working inside any equipment connected to this unit, it must be unplugged from the socket.

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Fuse Saver

This circuit will be particularly useful to those hobbyists who use a ‘breadboard’ to try out ideas and who also use a simple ‘home-made’ DC power supply consisting of a transformer, rectifier, smoothing capacitor and protective fuse, that is, one without over current protection! In this circuit, the detecting element is resistor R6. Under normal conditions, its voltage drop is not high enough to switch on transistor T1.

The value of R6 can be altered to give a different cut-off current, as determined by Ohm’s Law, if required. When a short circuit occurs in the load, the voltage rises rapidly and T1 starts to conduct. This draws in the relay, switching its contacts, which cuts off power to the external circuit, and instead powers the relay coil directly, latching it in this second state. The circuit remains in this state until the primary power supply is switched off.

Capacitors C1 and C2 hold enough charge (via D3, D4 and D6, which prevent the charge from being lost to the rest of the circuit, whichever state it is in) to keep T1 switched on and power the relay while it switches over, and R2 and R4 provide slow discharge paths. LEDs D1 (red) and D5 (green) indicate what state the circuit is in. Inductor L1 slows the inrush of current when the circuit is switched on, which would otherwise cut off the circuit immediately.

Circuit diagram:

Fuse Saver Circuit Diagram

D2 and D7 provide the usual back-emf protection across the coils. In use, the input of the circuit is connected to the main transformer-rectifier-capacitor-fuse power supply via K1, and the output is connected to the (experimental) load via K2. Note that the input voltage must be a floating supply if Vout– is grounded via the load, as Vin– and Vout– must not be connected together. Some consideration needs to be given to a number of components.

First, the choice of relay Re1. For the prototype, this was obtained from Maplin, part number YX97F. This is has a coil resistance of 320 ?, which with R1 forms the collector load for T1. Its allowed pull-in voltage range is nominally 9 V to 19 V, which limits the input power supply voltage to between around 10 V to 30 V (DC only). R1 could be replaced by a wire link for operation at input voltages below 10 V, or increased in value, as determined by either the application of Ohm’s Law once more or trial and error, for an input voltage above 30 V.

Coil L1 was obtained from Farnell, part number 581-240. Finally, the protective fuse for the input power supply should be a ‘slow-blow’ type; ‘fast’ fuses will rupture before the relay has time to switch. Also note that this device is meant to save fuses, not replace them. A mains transformer must always be fused if it is not designed to run safely, i.e., without presenting a fire hazard, even if its output has a continuous short-circuit fault.

Author: David Clark - Copyright: Elektor Electronics Magazine

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Mobile Phone Travel Charger Circuit Diagram

Charge Your Mobile Phone While Enjoying The Journey

Here is an ideal Mobile charger using 1.5 volt pen cells to charge mobile phone while traveling. It can replenish cell phone battery three or four times in places where AC power is not available. Most of the Mobile phone batteries are rated at 3.6 V/500 mA. A single pen torch cell can provide 1.5 volts and 1.5 Amps current. So if four pen cells are connected serially, it will form a battery pack with 6 volt and 1.5 Amps current. When power is applied to the circuit through S1, transistor Q1 conducts and Green LED lights.

When Q1 conducts Q2 also conducts since its base becomes negative. Charging current flows from the collector of Q1. To reduce the charging voltage to 4.7 volts, Zener diode D2 is used. The output gives 20 mA current for slow charging. If more current is required for fast charging, reduce the value of R4 to 47 ohms so that 80 mA current will be available. Output points are used to connect the charger with the mobile phone. Use suitable pins for this and connect with correct polarity. The circuit comes from here.

Circuit diagram:

Mobile Phone Travel Charger

Parts:

R1 = 1K
R2 = 470R
R3 = 4.7K
R4 = 270R
R5 = 27R
C1 = 100uF-25V
D1 = Green LED
D2 = 4.7V/1W Zener
B1 = 1.5Vx4 Cells
S1 = On/Off Switch
Q1 = BC548
Q2 = SK100

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Mains Pulser

The pulser is intended to switch the mains voltage on and off at intervals between just under a second and up to 10 minutes. This is useful, for instance, when a mains-operated equipment is to be tested for long periods, or for periodic switching of machinery. Transformer Tr1, the bridge rectifier , and regulator IC1 provide a stable 12V supply rail for IC2 and the relay. The timer is arranged so that the period-determining capacitor can be charged and discharged independently. Four time ranges can be selected by selecting capacitors with the aid of jumpers. Short-circuiting positions 1 and 2 gives the longest time, and short-circuiting none the shortest.

Circuit diagram:

Mains Pulser Circuit Diagram

In the latter case, the 10µF capacitor at pins 2 and 6 of the timer IC determines the time with the relevant resistors. The value of this capacitor may be chosen slightly lower. The two preset potentiometers enable the on and off periods to be set. The 1k resistor in series with one of the presets determines the minimum discharge time. The timer IC switches a relay whose double-pole contacts switch the mains voltage. The LEDs indicate whether the mains voltage is switched through (red) or not (green). The 100mA slow fuse protects the mains transformer and low-voltage circuit. The 4 A medium slow fuse protects the relay against overload.

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